You might have some success learning with that kit - I'd say you need a sail something like 5m2 and as you say an old style fin (still used in wave boards)
Sounds like you're missing the mast cup/extension and universal joint - some searching tinternet may yield results...
Can't say it'e the best time of year for learning ;(
I would strongly recommend a two day RYA course to get you started - you'd be amazed how much hard work and swimming you'll avoid if someone just starts you off on the right track - Look on the
RYA site under training for "Start Windsurfing"